Class 8 › English Poorvi › Unit 1: Wit and Wisdom › Part 2 — Poetry
Before You Read
Bloom: L2 Understand
Activity I — Garden Vocabulary: Match the item to its description
Identify each garden feature listed below. Draw a line matching each item in Column A to its correct description in Column B.
Column A — Garden Items
1. Garden hose
2. Sapling
3. Hedge
4. Flower beds
5. Flower pot
6. Pebbles
7. Rockery
8. Fence
9. Vine
10. Wheelbarrow
Column B — Descriptions
a. A young, newly planted tree
b. A garden with rocks and alpine plants
c. Small smooth stones used as ground cover
d. A row of closely planted bushes forming a boundary
e. A container with one wheel used for carrying soil or plants
f. A climbing or trailing plant
g. A flexible tube used to water plants
h. Sections of soil prepared for growing flowers
i. A container of clay or ceramic for growing plants
j. A barrier of wood or metal around a garden
Matching Answers
1–g, 2–a, 3–d, 4–h, 5–i, 6–c, 7–b, 8–j, 9–f, 10–e
Activity II — Group Discussion: My Dream Garden
Talk with your classmates about the kind of garden you would most enjoy. Consider these prompts:
Would you prefer a flower garden, a vegetable garden, or a mix of both?
What is the one feature you absolutely must have in your garden — a fountain, a swing, a rockery, or something else?
What do you think your garden says about your personality?
Have you ever visited someone's garden that surprised or impressed you? What made it special?
Discussion Tip
Think about how the poem you are about to read features someone else's garden — and how the speaker feels about it!
Activity III — Word Exploration: "Concrete"
Look at the word concrete? and consider its different meanings. Does it mean only one thing?
Meaning 1 — Literal
Concrete (noun): A hard, grey building material made from cement, sand, gravel, and water. Used in construction of roads, buildings, and pavements.
Example: "The path was paved with concrete."
Meaning 2 — Figurative
Concrete (adjective): Clear, definite, and specific — not vague or abstract. Something you can see, touch, or experience directly.
Example: "Give me a concrete example."
The poem's title plays on both meanings — notice how as you read! This is called a pun?.
RA
Reginald Arkell
1882–1959EnglishHumorous Verse
Reginald Arkell was a British writer celebrated for his witty, light-hearted poetry and prose. He had a particular talent for finding humour in the small details of everyday life — the quirks of neighbours, the pleasures of gardening, the gentle absurdities of the English countryside. His verse is warm, observational, and never unkind, making him a beloved voice in gentle comic writing.
The Poem — A Concrete Example
A Concrete Example
— Reginald Arkell
I
1My next-door neighbour, Mrs. Jones,Refrain
2Has got a garden full of stones?;Imagery
3A crazy path, a lily-pond?,Imagery
4Of which she seems particularly fond,
5A rockery? and a sundial? thereAlliteration
6With a strange device upon its face.Imagery
II
7My next-door neighbour, Mrs. Jones,Refrain
8Has planted things between her stones —
9Such tiny, delicate?, little things,Imagery
10That look as if they might have wings,
11So small and delicate and tall,
12It looks as if they're planted with a pin.Hyperbole
III
13My next-door neighbour, Mrs. Jones,Refrain
14Once asked me in to see her stones.Irony
15She talked about a flower? for quite
16A quarter of an hour. "Lovely?!" cried I,Irony
17"Where is it?" "Why,"
18Said she, "you're standing on it."IronyPun
Rhyme Scheme
Pattern: AABBCC (Rhyming Couplets) — Every two consecutive lines rhyme with each other throughout the poem. This creates a bouncy, playful rhythm that suits the poem's humorous tone.
Examples: stones/Jones (AA) — pond/fond (BB) — there/face... (note: "there" and "face" are a near-rhyme/slant rhyme in the original, common in light verse) — things/wings (CC) — pin/in (DD)
Stanza-by-Stanza Explanation
Stanza I — Lines 1–6: A Garden of Stones
The poem opens with the speaker introducing a neighbour, Mrs. Jones, whose garden is unusual — it is dominated by stones? rather than the typical flowers one might expect. The speaker describes several distinctive features: a winding, irregular path (called a "crazy path"), a lily-pond? which Mrs. Jones seems very attached to, a rockery? — a decorative arrangement of rocks with small plants — and a sundial? bearing some curious inscription.
The overall impression is of a garden that prioritises stone structures over greenery. The word "device?" referring to the sundial's inscription hints at something whimsical or eccentric about Mrs. Jones's taste. The Refrain — "My next-door neighbour, Mrs. Jones" — sets up a storytelling tone, as if the speaker is sharing an amusing anecdote with the reader.
Stanza II — Lines 7–12: Plants So Small They're Almost Invisible
The second stanza reveals that Mrs. Jones has indeed planted some living things — but they are tucked between the stones, almost impossibly small and delicate?. The speaker describes them as so fragile and gossamer-light they could almost have wings — a fanciful image suggesting they are more like insects or fairies than plants.
The Hyperbole of being "planted with a pin" is particularly effective: it humorously exaggerates? just how minute these plants are, suggesting they could only have been inserted into the ground using the most delicate instrument imaginable. The repetition of "delicate" emphasises that these plants are remarkable for their smallness — but perhaps not remarkable in the way Mrs. Jones imagines.
Stanza III — Lines 13–18: Standing on the Evidence
The final stanza delivers the poem's comic climax. Mrs. Jones invites the speaker to come and admire her garden — specifically her stones. She then spends a full quarter of an hour (fifteen minutes!) describing a single flower?. The speaker, politely enthusiastic (or possibly desperate to escape the monologue), calls it "lovely?" and asks where it is.
The punchline arrives with quiet brilliance: "you're standing on it." The Irony is perfect — the speaker has been listening to Mrs. Jones describe something so tiny that they inadvertently crushed it underfoot. This also activates the Pun in the title: "A Concrete Example." The speaker quite literally has had a very concrete (physical, solid, underfoot) experience of the flower — and the poem itself is a concrete example of Mrs. Jones's unique approach to gardening!
Literary Devices in the Poem
Bloom: L4 Analyse
The SVG diagram below maps all six literary devices used in "A Concrete Example" to their specific locations in the poem. Hover over each device bubble for a brief description.
Device
Line(s)
Example from Poem
Effect
Refrain
1, 7, 13
"My next-door neighbour, Mrs. Jones"
Creates rhythm; keeps Mrs. Jones central; builds familiarity
Alliteration
5
"A rockery and a sundial there"
Creates a musical, flowing sound; draws attention to garden features
Imagery
2–6, 9–10
Crazy path, lily-pond, tiny delicate things with wings
Paints a vivid picture of the unusual garden
Hyperbole
12
"planted with a pin"
Humorously exaggerates the plants' smallness
Irony (Situational)
14–18
"you're standing on it"
Comic twist — the speaker crushed the very flower they praised
Pun
Title
"A Concrete Example"
Double meaning: building material + standing on a solid (concrete) example
Let Us Discuss
I. Complete the Summary — Fill in the Blanks
Each blank corresponds to a key word. Read the summary and fill in the gaps using the words given below.
Which of the following best describes the overall tone of "A Concrete Example"?
(A) Sad and melancholic — the speaker misses the beauty of traditional gardens.
(B) Angry and critical — the speaker disapproves of Mrs. Jones's garden.
(C) Serious and instructional — the poem is a guide on garden design.
(D) Humorous, amusing, and light-hearted — the poem gently pokes fun at an eccentric neighbour's passion.
Answer: (D) Humorous, amusing, and light-hearted.
The poem's gentle mockery, the absurd situation of standing on the flower, and the playful rhyming couplets all combine to create a tone of warm, good-natured comedy. There is no cruelty or real criticism — the poet finds Mrs. Jones endearing even as he gently laughs at her obsession.
III. Speaker and Rhyme Scheme
Who is the speaker of the poem?
Answer: The speaker is the poet himself (or a persona closely resembling him). It is a first-person narrative — the speaker is a neighbour of Mrs. Jones who has observed her garden and been invited inside it.
What is the rhyme scheme of the poem? Give examples from each stanza.
Answer: The rhyme scheme is AABBCC (rhyming couplets throughout).
— Stanza I: Jones/stones (AA), pond/fond (BB), there/face (CC — slant rhyme)
— Stanza II: Jones/stones (AA), things/wings (BB), tall/pin (CC — slant rhyme)
— Stanza III: Jones/stones (AA), quite/cried (BB), Why/I (CC), it (final line) Note: Arkell uses near-rhymes in light verse, which is common and acceptable.
IV–VIII. Questions on Imagery, Refrain, Alliteration, Irony, and the Pun
IV. How does the poet use imagery to describe Mrs. Jones's garden? Which images stand out to you?
Model Answer: Arkell creates vivid pictures through concrete, specific garden details — a winding, irregular "crazy path," a still lily-pond, a rockery?, and a sundial. The most striking image in Stanza II compares the tiny plants to things with wings — gossamer-fragile creatures barely visible among the stones. Together, these images build a garden that is eccentric, stone-heavy, and filled with Mrs. Jones's enthusiastic but unusual taste.
V. What is a refrain? How does the repeated line "My next-door neighbour, Mrs. Jones" function in the poem?
Definition: A refrain is a line or phrase that is repeated at intervals throughout a poem, often at the beginning or end of each stanza.
Function here: The repeated opening line serves several purposes — it anchors each stanza to the same subject (Mrs. Jones), creates a storytelling rhythm as if the speaker is recounting a familiar tale, and builds a gentle comedic accumulation. By the third stanza, the reader almost anticipates the phrase, which makes the comic punchline even more satisfying.
VI. Find one example of alliteration in the poem. Explain the effect it creates.
Example: Line 5 — "A rockery and a sundial there" — the cluster of consonants (r, s) in quick succession creates a rolling, list-like musicality, as if the speaker is ticking off Mrs. Jones's garden features one by one with a kind of resigned amusement. The alliterative sound connects the two distinct garden objects, reinforcing the impression of an overcrowded, feature-packed garden.
VII. What type of irony is found in the final two lines? Explain the situation that creates the irony.
Type: Situational irony — when what actually happens is the opposite of what is expected or intended.
Explanation: The speaker politely admires the flower Mrs. Jones describes for fifteen minutes, saying "Lovely!" — only to discover they have been standing on it the entire time. The expected outcome (the speaker finds and admires the flower) is completely reversed by the reality (the speaker has destroyed it underfoot). This gap between expectation and reality is the source of the poem's humour.
VIII. Explain the double meaning of "concrete" in the title. Why is it an effective pun?
Meaning 1 (Literal): "Concrete" as in the building material — heavy, grey, solid. Mrs. Jones's garden is full of stones and hard surfaces, making it a garden of concrete features.
Meaning 2 (Figurative): "Concrete" as in "clear and definite" — the garden is a very concrete example of someone's eccentric taste. Additionally, the speaker's experience of standing on the flower is the most concrete (physical, tangible) example of the garden's nature one could have!
Why it is effective: A good pun works because both meanings are simultaneously relevant and surprising. Here, the title appears innocuous, but by the final line, the reader realises it has been playing on two registers all along — the physical and the metaphorical.
Let Us Think and Reflect
I. Extract-Based Questions — Stanza I
"My next-door neighbour, Mrs. Jones,
Has got a garden full of stones;
A crazy path, a lily-pond,
Of which she seems particularly fond,
A rockery and a sundial there
With a strange device upon its face."
a. What can be inferred about Mrs. Jones's taste from Stanza I?
Mrs. Jones has a distinctive, unconventional aesthetic. Rather than a garden focused on flowers and greenery, she prefers hard, structural elements — stones, a rockery, a sundial. She appears to be a person with specific, somewhat unusual preferences who takes great pride in her garden's non-traditional features.
b. "Mrs. Jones is proud of her lily-pond." — True or False? Give evidence from the stanza.
True. The line "Of which she seems particularly fond" directly tells us that Mrs. Jones is especially attached to her lily-pond. The word "particularly" suggests this pride is stronger than her attachment to the other garden features.
c. What does "crazy path" suggest about the design of Mrs. Jones's garden?
A "crazy path" — also called crazy paving — is a path made from irregular, mismatched stones laid in a haphazard pattern. It suggests Mrs. Jones's garden is deliberately irregular and quirky in its design, preferring the unconventional over neat, straight lines. It reinforces the overall impression of an eccentric, stone-loving personality.
d. "The sundial had a strange device upon its face." What does this most likely suggest about Mrs. Jones's personality? Choose the best option.
(A) She is a practical woman who uses the sundial to tell time accurately.
(B) She is superstitious and uses the garden for ritual purposes.
(C) She has an imaginative, whimsical nature that delights in unusual or mysterious decorations.
(D) She copied the sundial from a neighbour's garden without understanding it.
Answer: (C) — The "strange device" (an unusual inscription or symbol on the sundial's face) is not functional but decorative. It points to someone who enjoys the unusual, the ornamental, and the slightly mysterious — consistent with a person who fills their garden with stones, rockeries, and irregular paths.
II. Let Us Think — Reflective Questions
1. How do you think Mrs. Jones feels about her garden? Support your answer with evidence from the poem.
Mrs. Jones clearly feels a deep sense of pride and affection for her garden. Evidence: (a) She is "particularly fond" of her lily-pond (Stanza I). (b) She invites the speaker specifically to see her stones (Stanza III), suggesting she considers them a source of pleasure worth sharing. (c) She spends fifteen minutes describing a single flower — the kind of passionate attention that comes only from someone who genuinely loves what they have created.
2. What does the metaphor of the plants being "so delicate they might have wings" suggest about their size and nature?
By comparing the plants to things with wings, the speaker emphasises their extraordinary fragility and lightness. Wings suggest something barely touching the earth — almost hovering, barely rooted. This makes them sound impossibly tiny and ephemeral, which both admires their delicacy and ironically explains why they are so easily missed (and stepped on). The image also gives the plants an almost magical quality, as if they are barely real.
3. How does Mrs. Jones's gardening style differ from what you might expect of a typical garden? What does this tell us about individual expression?
A typical garden is expected to prioritise flowers, grass, and greenery. Mrs. Jones reverses this — her garden is primarily stone, with plants as tiny, hidden accents between the rocks. This unusual preference shows that people find beauty in very different things. The poem subtly celebrates individual expression — Mrs. Jones is not wrong to love her stones; she simply sees her garden through different eyes from everyone else. Her style is a reminder that creativity and aesthetic sense come in many forms.
4. Despite gently mocking Mrs. Jones, the poet seems to have affection for her. What evidence suggests this?
The poem's tone is never harsh or unkind. The speaker: (a) uses "my next-door neighbour" — a familiar, warm form of address; (b) dutifully listens for fifteen minutes and responds with "Lovely!" — polite and kind, even if bemused; (c) describes the tiny plants with genuine wonder, calling them "delicate" and comparing them to winged creatures. The humour is at the speaker's own expense as much as at Mrs. Jones's — it is the speaker who ends up standing on the flower, not Mrs. Jones who is made to look foolish.
5. What does this poem suggest about people who think differently from the majority? Do you think being different is a strength or a weakness?
Sample Answer: The poem suggests that people who think differently — like Mrs. Jones with her stone garden — bring uniqueness and richness to the world. While others might not understand her choices, Mrs. Jones finds genuine joy in her garden and shares that joy enthusiastically. Being different can be a strength: it shows independence of thought, creativity, and the courage to do things your own way. The poem invites us to smile at Mrs. Jones's eccentricity, but also to admire her certainty and enthusiasm. Being different is not a weakness — it is what makes each person interesting.
Let Us Learn — Vocabulary
I. Replace with Better Synonyms
The words below are used in the poem or in discussions about it. Replace each underlined word with a more precise or vivid synonym from the options given.
Original Word
Context in Poem / Discussion
Better Synonyms
strange
"a strange device upon its face"
unusual, peculiar, curious, odd
nice
describing the garden as "a nice place"
pleasant, charming, delightful, appealing
delicate
"Such tiny, delicate, little things"
fragile, dainty, gossamer, wispy
cried
"'Lovely!' cried I"
exclaimed, declared, called out, burst out
Usage Notes:
— strange → peculiar is often best as it carries a hint of the specific kind of oddness (personal quirk) rather than mere unfamiliarity.
— cried → exclaimed is the most neutral; "burst out" suggests greater spontaneity.
— delicate → dainty is particularly apt for tiny garden plants as it combines smallness with prettiness.
II. The Word "Device" — Multiple Meanings
The word device? has several meanings in English. In the poem, "device" refers to a symbol or inscription on the sundial. But the word can also mean a tool or instrument. Match each near-synonym below with its most appropriate example.
Word
Best Describes
Example
implement
A handheld tool used for a specific task
A garden spade, a chisel
tool
Any object used to help complete a job
A hammer, a screwdriver
equipment
A set of items or machinery for a purpose
Sports equipment, lab equipment
appliance
An electrical household machine
A refrigerator, a washing machine
gadget
A small, clever, often novelty device
A smartwatch, a pocket torch
Key Point: In the poem, "device" means an inscription or motto — a very old-fashioned use of the word (from heraldry, where a "device" was a symbol on a coat of arms or shield). This archaic use adds a note of quaintness to Mrs. Jones's garden, suggesting her sundial bears a poetic or philosophical saying.
III. Word Play — Create Rhyming Words
The poem uses rhyming couplets. Practice word creation by changing the initial consonant(s) of each given word to make new words that rhyme with it.
nice
→
dice, rice, mice, vice, slice, price, twice
soil
→
boil, toil, coil, foil, spoil, roil
stone
→
bone, tone, cone, phone, zone, groan
pin
→
bin, tin, win, chin, skin, grin, spin
Creative Extension
Try writing your own rhyming couplet about your school garden using any two words from the rhyming groups above! Share your couplet with a partner.
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Competency-Based Questions — "Standing on It" (Stanza III)
Read the following extract from Stanza III and answer the questions below:
"Once asked me in to see her stones.
She talked about a flower for quite
A quarter of an hour. 'Lovely!' cried I,
'Where is it?' 'Why,'
Said she, 'you're standing on it.'"
Q1. What had Mrs. Jones invited the speaker to come and see?
L1 Remember
(A) Her flower collection
(B) Her lily-pond
(C) Her stones
(D) Her sundial
Answer: (C) Her stones. — The extract says "asked me in to see her stones." Mrs. Jones's primary passion is her stone-filled garden, not her plants or pond.
Q2. Why did the speaker exclaim "Lovely!" if they could not even see the flower? What does this suggest? (2 marks)
L2 Understand
Model Answer: The speaker exclaimed "Lovely!" out of social courtesy rather than genuine appreciation. Having listened to Mrs. Jones describe the flower for a full fifteen minutes, the speaker felt obliged to respond positively. This reveals polite, neighbourly behaviour — but also shows the speaker had no idea where the flower was. It is an example of social nicety masking complete bewilderment.
Q3. What literary device is used in the punchline "you're standing on it"? How does it create humour? (2 marks)
L4 Analyse
Model Answer: The device used is situational irony — what actually happens is the opposite of what is expected. The expected result of listening attentively to someone describe a flower for fifteen minutes would be that you can locate and admire it. Instead, the speaker has unknowingly crushed the very flower underfoot. The humour arises from the gap between the speaker's polite enthusiasm ("Lovely!") and the absurd reality of their having stood on the subject of the entire conversation.
HOT Q. "The poem makes us laugh at Mrs. Jones, but ultimately it makes us laugh at ourselves." Do you agree? Give reasons. (3 marks)
L5 Evaluate
Guiding Framework:
— Consider who is actually embarrassed at the end of the poem — Mrs. Jones or the speaker?
— Think about universal human experiences: have you ever nodded politely at something you didn't understand?
— The speaker's mistake (standing on the flower) is a very human error.
— Mrs. Jones emerges as consistent and passionate; it is the speaker who was inattentive. Suggested Conclusion: While we smile at Mrs. Jones's eccentric passion, the real comic target is the speaker — and by extension, all of us who say "Lovely!" without truly paying attention to what is right under our feet.
⚖ Grammar & Literature — Assertion–Reason Questions
Instructions: Read each Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully. Choose the correct option: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. (B) Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A. (C) A is true, but R is false. (D) A is false, but R is true.
Question 1 — Rhyme SchemeL2 Understand
Assertion (A): "A Concrete Example" uses a rhyming couplet scheme (AABBCC) throughout all three stanzas.
Reason (R): A rhyming couplet is a pair of successive lines that rhyme with each other, creating a bouncy, song-like rhythm that is especially suited to comic and light verse.
(A) Both true; R explains A
(B) Both true; R does not explain A
(C) A true; R false
(D) A false; R true
Answer: (A) — Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A.
The poem does use rhyming couplets throughout (Jones/stones, pond/fond, etc.), and the reason accurately explains both the definition of rhyming couplets and why they work in humorous poetry — their regular, bouncing rhythm suits the playful subject matter of an eccentric neighbour's garden.
Question 2 — Pun as Literary DeviceL4 Analyse
Assertion (A): The title "A Concrete Example" is a pun because the word "concrete" refers only to the building material used in Mrs. Jones's garden.
Reason (R): A pun is a figure of speech that exploits multiple meanings of a word — or words that sound alike — for humorous or rhetorical effect.
(A) Both true; R explains A
(B) Both true; R does not explain A
(C) A true; R false
(D) A false; R true
Answer: (D) — A is false, but R is true.
The Assertion is false because the pun in "concrete" works precisely because it has two meanings — not just the building material, but also "clear/definite/tangible." The full humour of the title comes from both meanings being simultaneously relevant (the stone-filled garden and the speaker's very physical experience of standing on the flower). The Reason is true — this is an accurate definition of a pun.
Board Exam Tip
For Extract-Based Questions in CBSE English: Always read the extract carefully before answering. For literary device questions, name the device, quote the relevant line, and explain the effect in 1–2 sentences. For tone/mood questions, choose words like humorous, ironic, nostalgic, melancholic, celebratory — generic answers like "happy" or "sad" will not score full marks.
Frequently Asked Questions — Chapter 1
What is Part 2 — A Concrete Example | Class 8 English Poorvi | MyAiSchool in NCERT Class 8 Mathematics?
Part 2 — A Concrete Example | Class 8 English Poorvi | MyAiSchool is a key concept covered in NCERT Class 8 Mathematics, Chapter 1: Chapter 1. This lesson builds the student's foundation in the chapter by explaining the core ideas with worked examples, definitions, and step-by-step methods aligned to the CBSE curriculum.
How do I solve problems on Part 2 — A Concrete Example | Class 8 English Poorvi | MyAiSchool step by step?
To solve problems on Part 2 — A Concrete Example | Class 8 English Poorvi | MyAiSchool, follow the NCERT method: identify the given quantities, choose the relevant formula or theorem, substitute values carefully, and simplify. Class 8 exercises gradually increase in difficulty — start with solved NCERT examples before attempting exercise questions, and always verify your answer by substitution or diagram.
What are the most important formulas for Chapter 1: Chapter 1?
The essential formulas of Chapter 1 (Chapter 1) are listed in the chapter summary and highlighted throughout the lesson in formula boxes. Memorise them and practise at least 2–3 problems per formula. CBSE board exams frequently test direct application as well as combined use of multiple formulas from this chapter.
Is Part 2 — A Concrete Example | Class 8 English Poorvi | MyAiSchool important for the Class 8 board exam?
Part 2 — A Concrete Example | Class 8 English Poorvi | MyAiSchool is part of the NCERT Class 8 Mathematics syllabus and appears in CBSE board exams. Questions typically include short-answer, long-answer, and competency-based items. Review the NCERT examples, exercise questions, and previous-year board problems on this topic to prepare confidently.
What mistakes should students avoid in Part 2 — A Concrete Example | Class 8 English Poorvi | MyAiSchool?
Common mistakes in Part 2 — A Concrete Example | Class 8 English Poorvi | MyAiSchool include skipping steps, misapplying formulas, sign errors, and losing track of units. Write each step clearly, double-check algebraic manipulations, and re-read the question after solving to verify that your answer matches what was asked.
Where can I find more NCERT practice questions on Part 2 — A Concrete Example | Class 8 English Poorvi | MyAiSchool?
End-of-chapter NCERT exercises for Part 2 — A Concrete Example | Class 8 English Poorvi | MyAiSchool cover all difficulty levels tested in CBSE exams. After completing them, try the examples again without looking at the solutions, attempt the NCERT Exemplar questions for Chapter 1, and solve at least one previous-year board paper to consolidate your understanding.
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