NCERT Exploring Society: India and Beyond | Chapter 6: The Beginnings of Indian Civilisation
NCERT Textbook Exercises
Q1. Why Does This Civilisation Have Several Names?
Answer: The civilisation has several names because it was discovered and studied progressively. It was first called 'Indus' because Harappa and Mohenjo-daro were found along the Indus. It is called 'Harappan' because Harappa was the first site excavated. As more sites were discovered along the dried Sarasvati River, the names 'Indus-Sarasvati' and 'Sindhu-Sarasvati' were adopted to reflect the full geographical spread. The term 'Indus Valley' is now considered outdated as the civilisation extended far beyond the Indus valley alone.
Q2. Write a Brief Report (150–200 words) on Achievements
Guidance: Your report should cover: (1) Advanced town planning with grid-pattern streets, two/three-zone cities, and uniform brick quality. (2) Remarkable water management — underground drains, wells in Mohenjo-daro, stone reservoirs in Dholavira. (3) Diverse agriculture — first to grow cotton in Eurasia, cultivation of wheat, barley, millets, pulses. (4) Active trade both internal and external, with items like carnelian beads, shell bangles, and cotton cloth. Lothal's dockyard shows maritime activity. (5) Cultural achievements — bronze figurines (Dancing Girl), seals with undeciphered script, game boards, and symbolic art. (6) A relatively peaceful, well-balanced society with no evidence of weapons of war.
Q3. Travelling from Harappa to Kalibangan
Answer: Options include: (1) By land — following established trade routes through the Punjab plains. This would be the slowest option, perhaps taking several weeks by ox cart. (2) By river — travelling along the Indus and its tributaries, then perhaps overland to the Sarasvati basin. Faster than pure land travel. (3) By a combination of river and land routes. Since both cities were major trade centres, established trade routes likely connected them. The distance is roughly 500–600 km, so even the fastest route would have taken many days.
Q5. Objects That Feel Familiar Today
Answer: Objects and practices that remain familiar: bangles covering an entire arm (still common in Gujarat and Rajasthan), the namaste gesture, mirrors, game boards, wheeled toy carts (similar to children's toys today), the swastika symbol (still widely used in Hindu culture), the plough (still used in traditional farming), weights for measuring goods, and combs. The continuity of these items across more than 4,000 years speaks to the remarkable endurance of Indian cultural traditions.
Q6. What Does Dholavira's Reservoir System Reflect?
Answer: The elaborate system of at least six large interconnected reservoirs at Dholavira reflects a forward-thinking, planning-oriented mindset. It shows: (1) awareness that water is precious in the arid Rann of Kutch; (2) engineering capability to cut reservoirs into rock and connect them with underground drains; (3) organised administration capable of planning, constructing, and maintaining such infrastructure; (4) a civic sense that valued public utilities; (5) long-term thinking about community welfare rather than short-term individual gain.
Q7. 700 Wells in Mohenjo-daro
Answer: About 700 brick-lined wells maintained over several centuries implies: (1) a large population needing considerable water; (2) skilled craftspeople who could construct durable brick wells; (3) a municipal system that ensured regular maintenance; (4) a civic sense where community infrastructure was valued and cared for collectively; (5) a reliance on groundwater rather than river water for daily needs, perhaps because the Indus was too far from residential areas or prone to flooding.
Q8. The Harappans Had a High Civic Sense
Answer: Evidence for high civic sense includes: planned grid streets, uniform construction quality regardless of house size, individual bathrooms connected to public drainage networks, wells maintained for centuries, reservoirs built for community water supply, and a generally peaceful society without weapons of war. Compared to modern Indian cities where unplanned growth, open drains, and uneven construction quality are common, the Harappans in many ways had a more organised and equitable urban life. This comparison invites reflection on how we manage our own cities today.
🎲 Practice True/False & Match
True or False
The Harappans kept a large army and weapons of war.
False
There is no evidence of an army or weapons. It appears to have been a relatively peaceful civilisation.
Harappan cities had underground drainage systems.
True
The Dancing Girl figurine was made of gold.
False
The Dancing Girl is made of bronze (an alloy of copper and tin).
Climate change was one of the factors that caused the decline of Harappan cities.
True
Lothal's dockyard basin is about the same length as one football ground.
False
Lothal's basin was 217 metres long — roughly the length of TWO football grounds.
Match the Following
Banawali
⟶
Clay plough model (Haryana)
Karanpura
⟶
Terracotta whistle (Rajasthan)
Bronze
⟶
Copper + Tin alloy
~1900 BCE
⟶
Decline of the Harappan civilisation
Ghaggar-Hakra
⟶
Modern name of the dried Sarasvati River
Creative / Open-Ended
✎NCERT Q4: Imagine a Harappan person being transported to an average kitchen in today's India. What are the four or five biggest surprises awaiting them? Think about familiar and unfamiliar foods, cooking methods, and utensils.
📋
Practice Competency-Based Questions
Scenario: Two students are debating. Student A says: 'The Harappan civilisation was destroyed by foreign invaders.' Student B disagrees: 'No, the decline was caused by environmental factors.' Their teacher asks them to use evidence from the chapter to support their positions.
Q1. Which student's position is better supported by archaeological evidence?
L2 Understand
Answer: Student B's position is better supported. There is no archaeological evidence of warfare, invasion, or weapons of war at Harappan sites. The two accepted factors for decline are climate change (reduced rainfall from 2200 BCE) and the drying up of the Sarasvati River. Student A's theory was proposed long ago but has since been discredited.
Q2. The chapter mentions that Harappan culture and technology 'survived and was passed on'. What evidence supports this claim?
L3 Apply
Answer: Many cultural practices visible in Harappan artefacts continue in India today: the namaste gesture (seen in a terracotta figurine), bangles covering the full arm (still common in Gujarat/Rajasthan), the swastika symbol, the plough design, game boards, and the thirsty crow story from a Lothal pot. The continuity of these practices across 4,000+ years shows that when Harappans dispersed into rural communities, they carried their cultural traditions with them.
Q3. Analyse why the term 'Indus Valley civilisation' is now considered outdated. What does this tell us about how historical knowledge evolves?
L4 Analyse
Answer: The term 'Indus Valley' was used when only sites along the Indus River were known. As more sites were discovered along the Sarasvati basin, in Gujarat, Haryana, and Rajasthan — far beyond the Indus valley — the name became inaccurate. This shows that historical knowledge evolves as new discoveries are made. Names and theories that seemed correct at one time may need revision as evidence accumulates. This is a reminder that history is not fixed but is continuously being refined by researchers.
Creative Q. Write a letter from a Harappan reservoir maintenance worker to the city administrator, requesting resources for cleaning and repairs before the monsoon season.
L6 Create
Hint: Include details like: the reservoir that needs cleaning (describe its size), the number of workers needed, the tools required (stone tools, baskets for carrying debris), the urgency (monsoon approaching means water must be stored), and the importance of the reservoir to the city's water supply. Remember, there was no money — so think about how the workers would be compensated (food, goods, materials).
Key Harappan Sites — Distance from Indus River
L4 Analyse
Chapter 6: Beginnings of Indian Civilisation — All Parts
What are the important questions in NCERT Class 6 History Chapter 6?
NCERT Class 6 History Chapter 6 includes multiple-choice questions, short answer questions, long answer questions, and competency-based questions (CBQ). Students should focus on key concepts, definitions, and application-based reasoning from the chapter for thorough exam preparation.
How to prepare for Class 6 History Chapter 6 board exam?
To prepare effectively for Class 6 History Chapter 6, read the NCERT textbook carefully, understand key definitions and concepts, practise all exercise questions, attempt CBQ-style questions for higher-order thinking, and revise diagrams, timelines, or data tables from the chapter.
What is the marking scheme for Class 6 History in CBSE?
The CBSE marking scheme for Class 6 History typically includes 1-mark MCQs, 3-mark short answer questions, and 5-mark long answer questions. Competency-based questions (CBQ) involving case studies and data interpretation are also included as per NEP 2020 guidelines.
Are NCERT exercises sufficient for Class 6 History exams?
NCERT exercises form the foundation for Class 6 History exams. Most CBSE board questions are directly or indirectly based on NCERT content. Practising all in-text and end-of-chapter questions along with CBQ-format practice ensures comprehensive preparation.
What types of questions come from Chapter 6 in Class 6 History?
Chapter 6 of Class 6 History typically features objective-type MCQs, assertion-reason questions, short descriptive answers, map-based or diagram questions, and case-study based CBQ questions testing analysis and evaluation skills.
🤖
AI Tutor
Social Science Class 6 — Exploring Society: India and Beyond
Ready
🤖
Hi! 👋 I'm Gaura, your AI Tutor for Exercises — Beginnings of Indian Civilisation. Take your time studying the lesson — whenever you have a doubt, just ask me! I'm here to help.